How to print these articles

There are several methods to print these articles.

Using notepad or text editor:

Select text you want to print, copy it to the clipboard using CTL-C. Paste into notepad or your favorite text editor using CTL-V. Use your text editor to print.
Showing posts with label BPA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label BPA. Show all posts

Monday, October 30, 2017

DelMonte to eliminate BPA and GMOs

Del Monte, a major US food producer, announced that it would be eliminating BPA in can liners. But they must use another phthalate, which has not been shown to be safe. They also want to eliminate GMO foods in their products. But Roundup is not just used on GMO food, it's used on all crops to kill it all at the same time, whether the crop is GMO or not.

Links
Article: http://www.organicauthority.com/Del-Monte-Eradicate-BPA-GMOs

Wednesday, October 25, 2017

BPA found in 16,000 foods and beverages

EWG now has a database showing 16,000 foods contaminated with the endocrine-disrupting chemical BPA. BPA (bisphenol A) can disrupt hormones in the human body creating a host of problems. BPA is a one of a class of chemicals called "phthalates". BPA makes plastics softer so they don't crack. So they are used in plastics for can liners, plastic containers, and just about every plastic. Plastic without phthalates is brittle and breaks easily. Plain plastic is simply not usable in everyday life.

Containers that are BPA free are not safe. Manufacturers simply replace one phthalate with another, which would be even more damaging to people and animals.

How to avoid exposure to BPA
  1. In most cases it's impossible to completely avoid exposure to BPA. Food ingredients are shipped to factories in plastic wrap or plastic containers. But the longer the food sits in contact with the BPA, the more BPA it likely has.
  2. Buy food sold only in glass jars. 
  3. Store food in glass jars. The resealable glass jars with a latching lid and rubber seal are more and more common in the US these days. 
  4. Most cans have plastic liners, but especially for acidic foods like tomatoe products and green beans. Avoid canned foods.
  5. Avoid freezing food in plastic bags unless the food is wrapped in waxed paper. 
  6. Do not allow food to come into contact with plastic for long periods of time. 
  7. Plastic syringes and IV drip bags also contain BPA.

Sunday, April 17, 2016

Increased phthalates found in fast food consumers


  1. They looked at BPA and urinary metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (ΣDEHPm) and diisononyl phthalate (DiNPm) among 8877 subjects of the US population.
  2. Participants with high consumption  had 23.8% and 39.0%  higher levels of ΣDEHPm and DiNPm than participants with lower fast food exposure. No correlation with BPA. 
  3. Phthalates can enter the body though inhalation, through the skin, or through contaminated food or water. 
  4. Data used was from the 2003-2010 NHANES from the CDC.
Source
Zota, Ami R., Cassandra A. Phillips, and Susanna D. Mitro. Recent Fast Food Consumption and Bisphenol A and Phthalates Exposures among the U.S. Population in NHANES, 2003–2010. Environmental Health Perspectives. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510803. Advance Publication: 13 April 2016. Link to PDF.

Friday, April 15, 2016

BPA Exposure Early in Life linked to Depression and Inattention in Kids

The researchers measured BPA in urine from 292 mothers and from children age 5. Child behavior was assessed at age 7 and 9 for the children and this is what they found.
Prenatal urinary BPA concentrations were associated with increased internalizing problems in boys, including anxiety and depression, at age 7. No associations were seen with prenatal BPA concentrations and behaviors in girls. Childhood urinary BPA concentrations were associated with increased externalizing behaviors, including conduct problems, in girls at age 7 and increased internalizing behaviors and inattention and hyperactivity behaviors in boys and girls at age 7.

Source
Harley KG1, Gunier RB, Kogut K, Johnson C, Bradman A, Calafat AM, Eskenazi B. Prenatal and early childhood bisphenol A concentrations and behavior in school-aged children. Environ Res. 2013 Oct; 126:43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.004. Epub 2013 Jul 17. NIH abstract. Link to full study on NIH.

Friday, April 8, 2016

Dutch report shows millions of syringes are leaking BPA and BADGE

BPA is not the only bad endocrine disruptor, there are many more. Just because a plastic is BPA free does not mean it's free of EDCs (endocrine disrupting chemicals). Buying BPA free plastic products means you are substituting a known poison for an unknown poison. A Dutch report shows syringes (for shots) are leaking BPA and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether).

The report says 1 in 5 syringes may be leaking epoxy resin, which then leaks BPA or BADGE. Since BPA and other EDCs are common in almost all plastics in the medical world, many other medical devices are likely to leak at least some EDCs.

Links

  1. Source: Health Care Without Harm
  2. Factsheet on BPA in Medical Devices. PDF. 

Tuesday, April 5, 2016

Bad chemicals in rivers and streams messing with body development

Starting in 2002 the first major studies of chemicals and pharmaceuticals in waterways was conducted. In 2008, the AP found at least one drug in every one of 24 major metro areas' drinking water.
  1. Out of 28 cities where the drinking water was tested, only 3 found no chemicals. 
  2. Test protocols varied. Some tested for one chemical, some for more than one chemical. 
  3. Some water tests were negative but independent studies refute this. 
  4. See the page for a list of cities and what each one found. 
Some points from PEER.org:
From 1999 to 2002, the United States Geological Survey studied surface and groundwater samples from around the country to determine whether pharmaceutical chemicals were present. They found at least one compound in 80% of streams and 93% of groundwater – the most commonly found compounds were steroids, over-the-counter medications, and insect repellents.

Some argue that these chemicals are found in our drinking water in such tiny amounts (parts per trillion or ppt) that they cannot possibly cause human harm. However, insulin, estrogen (and EDCs that act like estrogen), and other hormones are exceptionally potent chemicals that operate at concentrations of ppt, and fetuses are sensitive to chemicals in the parts per quadrillion range.
American River reports that in the Potomac River, male bass are producing eggs.

From a 2010 report from the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency reports these chemicals in Minnesota streams:
  1. Methylparabens were found in 32 percent of samples. MP is an anti-fungal used in cosmetics. (A study on methylparabens on fruit flies.)
  2. Propylparabens were found in 21 percent of samples. 
  3. Carbamazepine (an ADD drug) was found in 6 percent of samples at up to 34ng/L.
  4. Venlafaxine (an SSRI used to treat depression) was found in 9.4% of samples. 
  5. Citalopram (an SSRI) found in 4%, sertraline in 2.7%, bupropion in 2% of samples. Fluxetine was found in one sample.

Biofilm, also called slime, indicates a healthy stream. Slippery rocks illustrate a good biofilm, and healthy water. Rocks next to a stream that have little or no slime are a big red flag. From the Cary Institute, diphenhydramine (Benedryl) reduce photosynthesis by 99% in biofilm.

A study in 2013 from Environmental Science and Technology shows that triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum bacteriocide in many anti-bacterial soaps, creates super bacteria harmful to human health. (Super bacteria can only be treated with a limited number of antibacterials, and in some cases, there are no medicines to treat it at all.) It ends up in streams and as suburbs grow up around the area, TCS contamination increases in stream sediments.

A study in 2014 shows that TCS (triclosan) also affects anaerobic bacteria in digesters.

In April 2013, Wired magazine reports that pharmaceuticals escape into streams from treated sewage from treatment plants that are not equipped to remove drugs from water. Even occurring at 3 parts per trillion, these chemicals have a bad effect on life in the water.

A study in 2010 from the journal Pediatrics, found seven year old girls are now developing breasts.
The baseline cohort included 1239 girls. The proportion of girls who had attained breast stage 2 varied by age, race/ethnicity, BMI percentile, and site. At 7 years, 10.4% of white, 23.4% of black non-Hispanic, and 14.9% of Hispanic girls had attained breast stage ≥2; at 8 years, 18.3%, 42.9%, and 30.9%, respectively, had attained breast stage ≥2.

Another study from 1997 also shows early development, likely from EDCs which act like estrogen in the body. Overweight girls are more likely to have early breast development, and EDCs are linked to being overweight also.

A July 2010 study from Environ Health Perspect tested urine of people, and found correlation to phytoestrogens (chemicals found in plants, like soy, that act like hormones), phthalates, and phenols (like Bisphenol A, BPA).

There is a lot of correlation between EDC, early development in girls, and being overweight. But the scientific community seems inconsistent when admitting correlation is a problem or not. It seems best to avoid EDCs as much as possible.

Links

Monday, April 4, 2016

BPA studies linked to neurodevelopment, depression, inattention, etc.

More studies linking exposure to BPA as a fetus, and as a child, correlating to anxiety, depression, inattention, and hyperactivity.

Below, the study will be listed first, followed by a summary of the results. Authors are in alphabetical order.


- Braithwaite EC, Kundakovic M, Ramchandani PG, Murphy SE, Champagne FA. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms predict infant NR3C1 1F and BDNF IV DNA methylation. Epigenetics. 2015;10(5):408-17. doi: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1039221. PMID: 25875334. Link to NIH abstract.

Subjects: Human
Results: 57 pregnant women were recruited and they self-reported depressive symptoms. Saliva cortisol (a stress hormone) was collected. When the infants were 2 months old, cell swabs were collected and the mothers were evaluated for postnatal depressive symptoms. "Prenatal depressive symptoms significantly predicted increased NR3C1 1F DNA methylation in male infants (β = 2.147, P = 0.044). Prenatal depressive symptoms also significantly predicted decreased BDNF IV DNA methylation in both male and female infants."


- Chen F, Zhou L, Bai Y, Zhou R, Chen L. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity accounts for anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats perinatally exposed to bisphenol A. J Biomed Res. 2015 May;29(3):250-8. doi: 10.7555/JBR.29.20140058. Epub 2014 Nov 12. PMID: 26060449. Link to NIH abstract.

Subjects: Rats
Results: Rats exposed to BPA in utero showed symptoms of depression and anxiety. "Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the most consistent biological findings in anxiety- and depression-related disorders. The HPA axis is reported to be susceptible to developmental reprogramming. The present study focused on HPA reactivity in postnatal day (PND) 80 male rats exposed perinatally to environmental-dose BPA. When female breeders were orally administered 2 μg/(kg.day) BPA from gestation day 10 to lactation day 7, their offspring (PND 80 BPA-exposed rats) showed obvious anxiety/depression-like behaviors. Notably, significant increase in serum corticosterone and adrenocorticotropin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone mRNA were detected in BPA-exposed rats before or after the mild stressor."


- Ejaredar M, Lee Y, Roberts DJ, Sauve R, Dewey D. Bisphenol A exposure and children's behavior: A systematic review. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2016 Mar 9. doi: 10.1038/jes.2016.8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 26956939. Link to NIH abstract.

Subjects: Articles
Results: After sifting through 2811 citations, 11 articles met their inclusion criteria. "Descriptive analyses indicated that prenatal exposure to maternal BPA concentrations were related to higher levels of anxiety, depression, aggression, and hyperactivity in children. BPA exposure in childhood was associated with higher levels of anxiety, depression, hyperactivity, inattention, and conduct problems."


- Fujimoto T, Kubo K, Nishikawa Y, Aou S. Prenatal low-dose bisphenol A enhances behavioral responses induced by a predator odor. J Toxicol Sci. 2015; 40(5):569-75. doi: 10.2131/jts.40.569.
PMID:  26354373. Link to NIH abstract.

Subjects: Rats
Results: Rat were more sensitive to predator odor was when they were exposed to BPA as a fetus.(Could indicate increased anxiety.)

- Harley KG, Gunier RB, Kogut K, Johnson C, Bradman A, Calafat AM, Eskenazi B. Prenatal and early childhood bisphenol A concentrations and behavior in school-aged children. Environ Res. 2013 Oct; 126:43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.004. Epub 2013 Jul 17. PubMed PMID: 23870093; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3805756. Link to NIH abstract. Link to full study.

Subjects: Human, urine
Results: Prenatal urine concentrations of BPA were correlated with increased anxiety and depression in boys at age 7. No correlation of urine BPA levels were seen with girls at age 7.  Childhood urine BPA levels were correlated with conduct problems with girls at age 7, and with boys at age 7, correlated with inattention and hyperactivity.

 
- Mustieles V, Pérez-Lobato R, Olea N, Fernández MF. Bisphenol A: Human exposure and neurobehavior. Neurotoxicology. 2015 Jul; 49:174-84. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.002. Epub 2015 Jun 27. Review. PMID: 26121921. Link to NIH abstract.

Subjects: Articles
Results: eight out of the twelve available articles that were reviewed, linked BPA to neuro problems, including aggressive behavior, attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder, depression and anxiety impairments, and this occurred mostly in children exposed in utero, indicating disruption of the brain during this critical window of development. Women who plan on getting pregnant should be informed how they can limit their exposure to BPA.


- Ribeiro-Varandas E, Pereira HS, Viegas W, Delgado M. Bisphenol A alters transcript levels of biomarker genes for Major Depressive Disorder in vascular endothelial cells and colon cancer cells. Chemosphere. 2016 Mar 21; 153:75-77. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.085. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27010169. Link to NIH abstract.

Results: BPA linked to Major Depressive Disorder. "Here, quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) results show that BPA at low concentrations (10 ng/mL and 1 μg/mL) induces differential transcript levels of four biomarker genes for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in HT29 human colon adenocarcinona cell line and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC)."


- Wolstenholme JT, Goldsby JA, Rissman EF. Transgenerational effects of prenatal bisphenol A on social recognition. Horm Behav. 2013 Nov; 64(5):833-9. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.09.007. Epub 2013 Oct 5. PMID: 24100195. Link to NIH abstract. Link to full study.

Subjects: Mice
Results: BPA exposure has long-lasting effects that go on for several generations.


- Xu X, Hong X, Xie L, Li T, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang G, Liu X. Gestational and lactational exposure to bisphenol-A affects anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. Horm Behav. 2012 Sep; 62(4):480-90. PubMed PMID: 23240141. Link to NIH abstract.

Subjects: Mice
Results: Mice exposed to BPA while they were fetuses, or while they fed on their mother's milk, showed increased anxiety and depression-like behavior.

Other links
NIH search.

Saturday, April 2, 2016

60% of US canned food contains BPA liners

That's the average of all tested cans of US brand canned food. 100% of Campbell's cans tested positive for BPA. For store brands, 100% of Target brands tested positive for BPA and 88% of Walmart brand canned food.

86% of food cans in Canada still contain BPA, according to this article.

BPA free items, though, do not mean they are safe. There are many more phthalates out there companies can use in plastics. 

Source
Toxic Food Cans Report, March 2016.

Saturday, March 26, 2016

EDC and BPA master study list moved here

The first post I proposed was a master list of studies about BPA and how it affects bodies. I made it more general and included all EDCs. This master list is now a web page here. Thanks to Blogger.com for providing web pages too!

Have a good Easter!

Wednesday, March 23, 2016

Master study list: BPA effects by bodily system

NOTE: This list is being moved to a static page here. All updates will appear on the web page, not in this post.  This post will no longer be updated.



BPA is a well-known endocrine disruptor. In some cases it acts like a hormone (ex: estrogen) in some cases it blocks hormones. The dangers of BPA include how common it is, multiple effects in the body, and long-lasting effects. Effects continue even after exposure stops. Most studies listed here control for various variables likes sex and age. Here is a list of studies by system, showing the effects of BPA.

It is my intention to update this as I get more information, and use this as a central source of studies by system. If you have a study to add, please cite it in the comments and don't forget to add a plain text link. I will format the study and add it to this page.

Wednesday, March 16, 2016

Who says BPA is ok and not ok

Different governments are taking different stances on the BPA issue. Some governments are acting conservatively, and banning BPA in some products that contact food. Some governments simply assume BPA is safe without actual evidence.

Who says BPA seems "safe enough"

  1. CDC. "Human health effects are unknown." Technically true, but it's not the whole truth. Animals studies have been an acceptable tool for decades as a model for how a chemical will affect humans, but for one chemical, animal studies suddenly are not good enough?
  2. European Food Safety Authority (archived page).  Tolerable Daily Intake should be limited to 0.05 milligram/kg body weight (bw). The EFSA studied glyphosphate alone, and not actual glyphosphate formulations used in the field. Others scientists consider the additives to Roundup formulations might be even more dangerous to humans.
  3. FDA, 2014-06-06. BPA a-ok in small amounts. "We reassure consumers that current approved uses of BPA in food containers and packaging are safe."
  4. Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2009-05. "BPA belongs to a group of substances which can act in a similar way to some hormones and as such are sometimes called ‘endocrine disruptors’. Some studies in laboratory animals suggest that low levels of (consumed) BPA may have an effect on the reproductive system.   Similar consequences in consumers at these low concentrations are considered unlikely because  BPA is rapidly inactivated and then excreted in the urine."
  5. Netherlands, 2008-11. The Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) stated in a newsletter that baby bottles made from polycarbonate plastic do not release measurable concentrations of bisphenol A and therefore are safe to use.
  6. NIOSH (part of CDC), skin notation profile, 2011.  "No studies of BPA in humans or experimental animals following dermal exposure were identified."
  7. UK: BPA not a concern.
  8. WHO, 2011: no need to regulate BPA.

Who says BPA is potentially dangerous

  1. Breast Cancer Fund. Link to page. Last accessed Apr 2, 2016. 
  2. Canadian gov't moves to take action, 2006. Canadian gov't takes action even though they say on this same page, paragraph 1, "the general public does not need to be concerned".
  3. Canadian gov't, 2010.  Canada adds BPA to toxic substances list.
  4. Environmental Defense of Canada. Last accessed Apr 1, 2016. "Bisphenol A (BPA) is a harmful chemical found in many products we use every day, including the linings of food and drink cans, cash register receipts, and reusable sports bottles made from hard plastic. More than 150 peer-reviewed scientific studies have found potential health effects from exposure to BPA, which include breast and prostate cancer, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and a wide range of developmental problems." Web page here
  5. CDC, 2003-2004. CDC finds BPA in almost all of 2500 urine samples tested. Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals (Fourth Report), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2003–2004. This PDF appears to be exactly how the NHANES urine study was conducted.
  6. Chemical and Engineering News, 2008-04. Canada proposes banning BPA in baby bottles. Full article not free. 
  7. Denmark, Belgium want to ban BPA in baby bottles. 
  8. Environmental Working Group's articles on BPA. 
  9. EU bans BPA in all baby bottles, 2011-01. 
  10. France, 2016-02. France announced that it intends to propose BPA as an EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH Regulation) candidate substance of very high concern (SVHC).
  11. Health Canada. Screening Assessment for The Challenge. Phenol, 4,4' -(1-methylethylidene)bis-(Bisphenol A). Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 80-05-7. Environment Canada. Health Canada. October 2008. Link to paper.  Last accessed Apr 2, 2016.
  12. Our Stolen Future. BPA. Link to site. Last accessed Apr 2, 2016.
  13. Bisphenol A. Toxipedia. Last accessed Apr 2, 2016. 
  14. Turkey bans BPA from baby bottles in June 2011.
  15. West Virginia School of Medicine. Anoop Shankar and Srinivas Teppala, “Urinary Bisphenol A and Hypertension in a Multiethnic Sample of US Adults,” Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2012, Article ID 481641, 5 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/481641.  Link to abstract. Full article is free and is available as EPUB, HTML, XML or PDF.  When controlling for variables, they found a positive correlation between BPA levels and hypertension rates.
As you can see, many people cannot agree if BPA poses a hazard or not. 

More Links

  1. HHS page on BPA
  2. Some info from Wikipedia article on BPA.

Tuesday, March 15, 2016

A history of "safe" products, bisphenol-A

Is BPA safe? That's hard to answer when official US agencies are in the pockets of big business. Can their assessments even be trusted? The concern with BPA started in 2008 with a study that made the US news.


Bisphenol-A is one of many plasticizers added to plastic products to make them flexible. It is used in a variety of plastics that touch food products. BPA is also used in carbonless paper and thermal paper, like for the printing of receipts. BPA is an endocrine disruptor, which means, it binds to estrogen receptors and acts like real hormones in the body, causing problems. While it's a known endocrine disruptor, the FDA and European Food Safety Authority both claim there is no problem with BPA even though the FDA banned BPA from baby bottles in 2012. (Inconsistency anyone?) From Wikipedia:
The FDA states "BPA is safe at the current levels occurring in foods" based on extensive research, including two more studies issued by the agency in early 2014.[5] The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reviewed new scientific information on BPA in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2015: EFSA’s experts concluded on each occasion that they could not identify any new evidence which would lead them to revise their opinion that the presently known levels of exposure to BPA is safe; however, the EFSA does recognize some uncertainties, and will continue to investigate them.
The WHO also found no reason to ban BPA (source). Plastics marked with a recycle symbol 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 are very unlikely to contain BPA, but some plastics in category 7 may have BPA. Category 7 is the catch-all for plastic types.

A panel of experts also concluded, in 2006, that BPA was a problem (section Politics of Bisphenol-A):
In 2006, the first of two government-sponsored assessments of the BPA literature was coordinated by the Division of Extramural Research and Training at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. The meeting brought together 38 experts on endocrine disruptors and BPA in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The meeting's final product, the Chapel Hill Consensus Statement, concluded with certainty, on the basis of several hundred studies, that BPA at concentrations found in the human body is associated with “organizational changes in the prostate, breast, testis, mammary glands, body size, brain structure and chemistry, and behavior of laboratory animals.” (See Chapel Hill Consensus Statement. PMID 17768031. Secondary link here.)
In 2008, the Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR, part of NTP which is part of NIH), sponsored an assessment of the literature, and released it's report of BPA.  The report found “some concern for effects on the brain, behavior and prostate gland in fetuses, infants and children at current human exposures to BPA.”

Even some doctors, after they read some studies about BPA, have gotten rid of all plastics that touch food in their house. 

Studies of BPA

While the FDA, EPA and EFSA all claim BPA is safe some studies say it can cause problems (from Wikipedia link below):
  1. BPA encourages blastoma
  2. Higher rates of breast cancer. Some breast cancers are susceptible to high levels of estrogen, which BPA mimics. There is correlation here but causation has not yet been proven. 
  3. In studies involving mice, BPA is associated with increased asthma problems. 
  4. On Wikipedia there is also a table showing doses of BPA and problems found with that does in lab animals. Each entry links to a footnote and then to a study. 
  5. From 1988-1994 the CDC found BPA in the urine of 95% of tested adults. Source
  6. In 2009 Consumer Reports found some canned foods exceeded the FDAs "Cumulative Exposure Daily Intake Limit".
  7. A study from 2011 found Americans had twice the BPA levels in their bodies as Canadians. Source.
So let's see how big government agencies are contradicting themselves. They admit BPA is an endocrine disruptor, but it's safe. Those two ideas are not compatible at all. Playing with hormones is not safe! Even doctors warn of complications from birth control pills or abusing testosterone. Yet ONE chemical (BPA) that acts exactly like a hormone is magically safe? "Absence of evidence is not the same as evidence of absence."

Almost all the studies are based on animals. Animals are used in studies throughout the world and, with experience, certain animals are found to mimic specific human systems fairly closely. (I'm not saying it's right or wrong to use animals, I'm just informing.) The scientific community accepts results using animals in testing, except for certain chemicals like BPA. Isn't that another piece of inconsistency?

A more conservative plan must be implemented when it comes to the health of hundreds of millions of people. An item should be assumed dangerous (within reason) until proven safe. Absence of evidence of harm does not make an item safe.

Who says it's not safe

  1. Low doses of BPA are harmful. Includes table showing level of exposure, and the harm found at that level. 2007. EWG.org. 
  2. More studies on BPA. Has good references so you can find the actual study somewhere.

Other studies

  1. BPA found in many canned foods with plastic liners. 2007. EWG.org.
  2. Polycarbonate bottles leach BPA. 2009. NIH.gov. 

Links

  1. Chapel Hill Consensus Statement. 2007.
  2. Ourstolenfuture has more links to studies. 
  3. NIH page on BPA. With links to more articles and studies.National Toxicology Program (NTP) site. Part of the US NIH.
  4. The making and unmaking of BPA. A short history of BPA.
  5. Wikipedia bisphenol-A.
  6. Which agencies claim BPA is safe or unsafe